Apr 25, 2008
Membrane plants were first introduced for municipal duty in the UK around 13 years ago in Scotland, almost two centuries after John Gibb’s pioneering sand filtration plant introduced in Paisley for potable water treatment. These early membrane plants are characterised by very small flows associated with small isolated communities for whom centralised water treatment and [...]
Membrane plants were first introduced for municipal duty in the UK around 13 years ago in Scotland, almost two centuries after John Gibb's pioneering sand filtration plant introduced in Paisley for potable water treatment. These early membrane plants are characterised by very small flows associated with small isolated communities for whom centralised water treatment and supply would not be cost effective. The membranes used are the more highly permselective nanofiltration (NF) membranes, configured as multitubes (the FYNE process) or spiral-wound modules, rejecting ... Read More
Apr 24, 2008
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of the free oxygen dissolved in water. The concentration of DO is an important indicator of water quality. DO concentrations can range from 0 to 15 mg/L, depending on atmospheric pressure, temperature and salinity. The ecological quality of water depends largely on the amount of oxygen water can hold. The [...]
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is a measure of the free oxygen dissolved in water. The concentration of DO is an important indicator of water quality. DO concentrations can range from 0 to 15 mg/L, depending on atmospheric pressure, temperature and salinity. The ecological quality of water depends largely on the amount of oxygen water can hold. The higher the level of DO, the better the quality of the water system. By measuring DO, scientists determine the quality of water and healthiness of an ecosystem. ... Read More
Apr 23, 2008
Interactions between the hydrosphere and the geosphere and biosphere are responsible for the occurrence of natural organic matter (NOM) in water throughout the world, and it is these biogeochemical cycles that are responsible for the diverse and complex nature of organic matter. NOM is a complex mixture of organic compounds including humic acids, hydrophilic acids, [...]
Interactions between the hydrosphere and the geosphere and biosphere are responsible for the occurrence of natural organic matter (NOM) in water throughout the world, and it is these biogeochemical cycles that are responsible for the diverse and complex nature of organic matter. NOM is a complex mixture of organic compounds including humic acids, hydrophilic acids, proteins, lipids, hydrocarbons and amino acids. The range of organic components found in NOM varies from water to water and seasonally as does its reactivity with chemical ... Read More
Apr 22, 2008
Few habitat survey, classification or assessment methodologies have been developed specifically for urban or heavily engineered rivers, although there are some notable exceptions. This lack of urban-focused methodologies is unfortunate because more general river surveys are often of inappropriate style and resolution to discriminate between reaches of urban river, tending instead to group them into [...]
Few habitat survey, classification or assessment methodologies have been developed specifically for urban or heavily engineered rivers, although there are some notable exceptions. This lack of urban-focused methodologies is unfortunate because more general river surveys are often of inappropriate style and resolution to discriminate between reaches of urban river, tending instead to group them into a single homogenous category of ‘bad’ or ‘poor’ habitat quality. As a result, urban rivers have become undervalued. However, the EC Water Framework Directive defines a category ... Read More
Apr 21, 2008
Most of the paper mills in the UK use waste paper or imported pulp as their raw materials with only a small amount of wood pulping being undertaken. The production of paper and board generates a significant volume of wastewater. Depending on the nature of the product, this can be as high as 80 m3/dry tonne. [...]
Most of the paper mills in the UK use waste paper or imported pulp as their raw materials with only a small amount of wood pulping being undertaken. The production of paper and board generates a significant volume of wastewater. Depending on the nature of the product, this can be as high as 80 m3/dry tonne. It can also be highly polluting as seen. The majority of paper mills in the UK use activated sludge plants to treat their wastewater and a recent ... Read More
Apr 20, 2008
Scottish Water (SW) is undertaking a programme to improve drinking water quality to meet increasingly stringent European standards. At the same time, the amount of water abstracted, which is not subject to the provision of a formal Water Order in all areas, will have to comply with the Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act [...]
Scottish Water (SW) is undertaking a programme to improve drinking water quality to meet increasingly stringent European standards. At the same time, the amount of water abstracted, which is not subject to the provision of a formal Water Order in all areas, will have to comply with the Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003. This act reflects the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) to protect the ecology of each catchment.
The Lochaber project will provide improved water quality for ... Read More
Apr 19, 2008
The construction of Upper Tamar Lake (UTL) in the South West of England, completed in 1975 was undertaken to replace water supplies from the smaller Lower Tamar Lake (LTL) and to provide drinking water to North Cornwall and North West Devon. Built ‘on-line’ in the headwaters of the Tamar catchment, the area of the reservoir [...]
The construction of Upper Tamar Lake (UTL) in the South West of England, completed in 1975 was undertaken to replace water supplies from the smaller Lower Tamar Lake (LTL) and to provide drinking water to North Cornwall and North West Devon. Built ‘on-line’ in the headwaters of the Tamar catchment, the area of the reservoir is comparatively small, being 32.2 ha, with a corresponding drainage catchment area of 1320 ha. The reservoir has a maximum depth of 12.5 m and a gross ... Read More
Apr 18, 2008
Sustainability has recently been accepted as a key concept of domestic wastewater management in developing countries. However, although significant advancements have been made so far in wastewater treatment technologies, it has been very difficult for these countries to implement such expensive facilities. As a result of this, it has been realized that decentralized, low-cost natural [...]
Sustainability has recently been accepted as a key concept of domestic wastewater management in developing countries. However, although significant advancements have been made so far in wastewater treatment technologies, it has been very difficult for these countries to implement such expensive facilities. As a result of this, it has been realized that decentralized, low-cost natural treatment systems utilizing locally available resources should be investigated as an alternative to the modern sophisticated treatment processes.
Domestic wastewater in Thailand has a low organic content compared ... Read More
Apr 17, 2008
The UK water industry recognises that the Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) may have a major impact on wastewater treatment throughout Europe. A detailed understanding of the load and sources of priority pollutants entering wastewater treatment works (WwTW) is necessary in order to identify possible reduction measures to meet new legislation, should they be needed. [...]
The UK water industry recognises that the Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) may have a major impact on wastewater treatment throughout Europe. A detailed understanding of the load and sources of priority pollutants entering wastewater treatment works (WwTW) is necessary in order to identify possible reduction measures to meet new legislation, should they be needed. There are few reported studies on the levels of metals entering the WwTW of urban catchments and even fewer for organic determinands. The lack of data on ... Read More
Apr 15, 2008
There is increasing interest in the use of stochastic models to represent single-site and spatial–temporal rainfall for applications ranging from flood design to the downscaling of outputs from gridded numerical climate models. While single-site modelling focuses attention on the temporal structure (modelling of daily rainfall commonly involves a two-stage simulation of rainfall occurrence and rainfall [...]
There is increasing interest in the use of stochastic models to represent single-site and spatial–temporal rainfall for applications ranging from flood design to the downscaling of outputs from gridded numerical climate models. While single-site modelling focuses attention on the temporal structure (modelling of daily rainfall commonly involves a two-stage simulation of rainfall occurrence and rainfall amounts), spatial modelling provides a powerful tool to identify spatial anomalies. To fit such models, long records of high-resolution rainfall data are required. In this paper, we ... Read More
