WaterSubject

Cotton Gossypium spp.is a major crop grown throughout many arid regions of the world.Because large quantities of irrigation water are needed to producecotton in these regions, achieving maximum crop productivity per unitof applied water has become critical as costs for water and constraintson water availability increase. Findings from a number of previousfield investigations conducted in the desert southwestern U.S. andother arid locations suggest that final lint yields for cotton areoften greater when the irrigation interval is shorter . summarized the results from ... Read More

Nearly .million hectare of agricultural land in India is estimated to have goneout of cultivation due to development of waterlogging and soilsalinity/alkalinity .Thus, the issue whether irrigated agriculture can be sustained on along term basis has been raised at many forums. Studies in India haveconfirmed the technical and economical feasibility of horizontalsubsurface drainage to reclaim waterlogged saline lands, to improveproduction and productivity in irrigation commands and to establishsustainable irrigated agriculture. Although drainage at the field scalein India is still in its infancy, ... Read More

Irrigatedagriculture in Pakistan's Indus basin suffers from waterlogging andsalinity. Seepage from the extensive canal system and deep percolationfrom irrigated fields, combined with flat topography, have led to highwatertables. Salts are added to the soil with the irrigation water andthrough capillary rise from the shallow watertables. Since the s,subsurface drainage systems have been constructed in Pakistan to tacklethese problems. Subsurface drainage systems can control the watertable,limit salinization through capillary rise, and facilitate the leachingof salts.In areas underlain by fresh groundwater  public deep tubewells ... Read More

Inorder to aid the design and operation of activated sludge systems, thesoftware based on dynamic models belonging to the Activated SludgeModels is frequently used ASIM, SYMOS. Activated Sludge Models ASM,ASM-ASMd, ASM proposed by the IWA formerly IAWPRC, then IAWQ taskgroup have shown to be a good compromise between the complexity of theactivated sludge processes and the prediction of biological wastewatertreatment under dynamic conditions .However, a successful application of such modelling requires theestimation of kinetic and stoichiometric parameters as well aswastewater and activated ... Read More

Whenrecreational waters are contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, itis important for public health officials to determine the source of thecontamination to remedy the problem and prevent bather exposure topathogenic microorganisms. Bacterial source tracking BST is oftenused to determine the source of fecal contamination in recreationalwaters. Several phenotypic e.g. antibiotic sensitivity testing andgenotypic e.g. ribotyping, repetitive sequence PCR, s rDNA analysis,pulse-field gel electrophoresis methods have been used as BST tools .While many of these methods show promise, most are complex, costly, andoften require days ... Read More

Urban development and its constructed hydraulic systems cause profound changes to the natural water cycle. The area of impervious surfaces is increased whilst natural watercourses are replaced with hydraulically efficient pipes and channels. Water demand resulting from urban development is typically met by importing large volumes of treated water, across large distances and at considerable cost, from neighbouring catchments. At the same time similar volumes of stormwater from roofs are discharged unused from urban developments via expensive stormwater systems. Water sensitive urban development ... Read More